Microwave-based water decontamination system

ABSTRACT

A system for decontaminating a medium. The system can include a medium having one or more contaminants disposed therein. The contaminants can be or include bacteria, fungi, parasites, viruses, and combinations thereof. A microwave energy radiation device can be positioned proximate the medium. The microwave energy radiation device can be adapted to generate a signal having a frequency from about 10 GHz to about 100 GHz. The signal can be adapted to kill one or more of the contaminants disposed within the medium while increasing a temperature of the medium by less than about 10° C.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims the benefit of a related U.S. ProvisionalApplication Ser. No. 61/731,536 filed Nov. 30, 2013, which isincorporated by reference herein.

ORIGIN OF THE INVENTION

The invention described herein was made in the performance of work undera NASA contract and is subject to the provisions of Section 305 of theNational Aeronautics and Space Act of 1958, Public Law 85-568 (6052Stat. 435; 42 U.S.C. 233605).

BACKGROUND Field

Embodiments described herein generally relate to systems and methods fordecontaminating a fluid without the use of chemical additives.

One challenge for the International Space Station (“ISS”) and futuremaimed space exploration is to produce sufficient quantities of potablewater. Despite efforts to maintain a sterile environment, bacteria tendsto accumulate in the water supplies on the ISS. Research has shown thatthe bacteria can mutate into strains that are highly resistant toeradication. To reduce or eliminate such bacteria, a biocide such asiodine or silver is introduced into the water. Such chemicals, however,tend to cause adverse health effects over time for the men and womendrinking the water.

There is a need, therefore, for improved systems and methods fordecontaminating a fluid without the use of chemical additives.

SUMMARY

This summary is provided to introduce a selection of concepts that arefurther described below in the detailed description. This summary is notintended to identify key or essential features of the claimed subjectmatter, nor is it intended to be used as an aid in limiting the scope ofthe claimed subject matter.

A system for decontaminating a medium is disclosed. The system caninclude a medium having one or more contaminants disposed therein. Thecontaminants can be or include bacteria, fungi, parasites, viruses, andcombinations thereof. A microwave energy radiation device can bepositioned proximate the medium. The microwave energy radiation devicecan be adapted to generate a signal having a frequency from about 10 GHzto about 100 GHz. The signal can be adapted to kill one or more of thecontaminants disposed within the medium while increasing a temperatureof the medium by less than about 10° C.

In another embodiment, the system can include a tubing having waterdisposed therein. The water can have one or more contaminants disposedtherein. The contaminants can be or include bacteria, fungi, parasites,viruses, and combinations thereof. A pump can be coupled to the tubingand adapted to cause the water to flow within the tubing at a rate fromabout 0.1 cm³/s to about 20 cm³/s. A microwave energy radiation devicecan be positioned proximate the tubing. The microwave energy radiationdevice can be adapted to generate a signal having a frequency from about10 GHz to about 100 GHz. A temperature of the water prior to beingexposed to the signal can be from about 0° C. to about 50° C. The signalcan be adapted to kill at least 90% of the contaminants disposed withinthe water while increasing the temperature of the water by less thanabout 10° C.

A method for decontaminating a medium is also disclosed. The method caninclude generating a signal with a microwave energy radiation device.The signal can have a frequency from about 10 GHz to about 100 GHz. Thesignal can be directed toward a medium having one or more contaminantstherein. The signal can be adapted to kill at least 90% of thecontaminants disposed within the medium while increasing the temperatureof the medium by less than about 10° C.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 depicts a schematic view of an illustrative system fordecontaminating a medium, according to one or more embodimentsdisclosed.

FIG. 2 depicts another schematic view of the system shown in FIG. 1 withthe tubing in a different configuration, according to one or moreembodiments disclosed.

FIG. 3 depicts another schematic view of the system shown in FIG. 1 withthe tubing in a different configuration, according to one or moreembodiments disclosed.

FIG. 4 depicts a schematic view of another illustrative system fordecontaminating a medium, according to one or more embodimentsdisclosed.

FIG. 5 depicts a schematic view of an illustrative circuit for providinga signal to the antenna, according to one or more embodiments disclosed.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

FIG. 1 depicts a schematic view of an illustrative system 100 fordecontaminating a medium, according to one or more embodiments. Thesystem 100 can include a tubing 110, a pump 120, and a microwave energyradiation device 130. The tubing 110 can be one or more pieces orcomponents connected together, and can have a bore formed axiallytherethrough. The tubing 110 can be a flexible tubing made ofpolypropylene, polyethylene, polyurethane, neoprene, plastic, glass, orany combination thereof. An illustrative tubing 110 can be Tygon®tubing. The medium can be a fluid 111 within a non-metallic material(e.g., tubing 110), as shown in FIG. 1, or the medium can be a solidmaterial, such as a filter 450, as shown and discussed below with regardto FIG. 4.

The tubing 110 can have an inner diameter ranging from about 1 mm, about2 mm, about 3 ram, about 4 mm, or about 5 mm to about 10 mm, about 15mm, about 20 mm, about 50 mm, about 100 mm, or more. For example, theinner diameter can be from about 1 mm to about 5 mm, about 5 mm to about10 mm, about 10 rum to about 20 mm, about 20 mm to about 50 mm, or about1 mm to about 20 mm. The tubing 110 can have a wall thickness rangingfrom about 0.1 mm, about 0.2 mm, about 0.3 mm, about 0.4 mm, or about0.5 mm to about 0.6 mm, about 0.8 mm, about 1 mm, about 2 mm, about 5mm, or more. For example, the wall thickness can be from about 0.1 mm toabout 0.5 mm, about 0.5 mm to about 1 mm, about 1 mm to about 5 mm, orfrom about 0.1 mm to about 5 mm.

The pump 120 can be coupled to or in contact with at least a portion ofthe tubing 110. The pump 120 can be adapted to cause the fluid 111 toflow through the tubing 110. In at least one embodiment, the pump 120can be a peristaltic pump that squeezes or compresses a portion of thetubing 110, thereby forcing the fluid 111 to move through the tubing110. Thus, the pump 120 does not come in contact with the fluid ill, andthe fluid 111 and the tubing 110 can be referred to as a “closedsystem.” As a result, the system 100 can be used in both gravity andmicrogravity environments (e.g. the international space station).

The pump 120 can cause the fluid 111 to flow through the tubing 110 at alinear flow rate ranging from about 0.5 cm/s, about 1 cm/s, about 2cm/s, about 3 cm/s, about 4 cm/s, or about 5 cm/s to about 7.5 cm/s,about 10 cm/s, about 15 cm/s, about 20 cm/s, about 50 cm/s, about 100cm/s, or more. For example, the linear flow rate can be from about 0.5cm/s to about 2 cm/s, about 2 cm/s to about 5 cm/s, about 5 cm/s toabout 10 cm/s, about 10 cm/s to about 20 cm/s, about 20 cm/s to about 50cm/s, or about 0.5 cm/s to about 20 cm/s. The pump 120 can cause thefluid 111 to flow through the tubing 110 at a volumetric flow rateranging from about 0.1 cm³/s, about 0.5 cm³/s, about 1 cm³/s, about 2cm³/s, or about 3 cm³/s to about 5 cm³/s, about 7.5 cm³/s, about 10cm³/s, about 20 cm³/s, about 50 cm³/s, about 100 cm³/s, or more. Forexample, the volumetric flow rate can be from about 0.1 cm³/s to about 1cm³/s, about 1 cm³/s to about 5 cm³/s, about 5 cm³/s to about 20 cm³/s,or about 0.1 cm³/s to about 20 cm³/s.

The fluid 111 can be a liquid, a gas, or a combination thereof. Moreparticularly, the fluid 111 can be or include water, steam, orcombinations thereof. The fluid 111 can have one or more contaminantsdisposed therein. The contaminants can be or include organic materialsuch as bacteria (e.g., fluid-borne live bacteria), fungi, parasites,viruses, or any combination thereof disposed therein. Illustrativecontaminants can include Burkholderia Cepacia, StaphylococcusEpidermidis, Cupriavidus Metallidurans, and Streptococcus Mutans.

The microwave energy radiation device 130 can be positioned proximate atleast a portion of the tubing 110. A signal-emitting surface 132 of themicrowave energy radiation device 138 that is directed toward the tubing110 can have an area ranging from about 0.5 cm², about 1 cm², about 2cm², about 3 cm², or about 4 cm² to about 6 cm², about 8 cm², about 10cm², about 20 cm², about 50 cm², about 100 cm², about 500 cm², about1000 cm², or more. For example, the area of the surface 132 can be fromabout 0.5 cm² to about 2 cm², about 2 cm² to about 5 cm², about 5 cm² toabout 10 cm², about 10 cm² to about 20 cm², or about 20 cm² to about 50cm².

A shortest distance 134 between the surface 132 of the microwave energyradiation device 130 and outer surface of the tubing 110 can range fromabout 0.5 cm, about 1 cm, about 2 cm, about 3 cm, about 4 cm, or about 5cm to about 7.5 cm, about 10 cm, about 15 cm, about 20 cm, about 30 cm,or more. For example, the distance 134 can less than about 30 cm, lessthan about 20 cm, less than about 10 cm, less than about 5 cm, less thanabout 2.5 cm, or less than about 1 cm.

The microwave energy radiation device 130 can be an antenna adapted tooutput a microwave energy radiation signal 136. The signal 136 can havea frequency from about 100 MHz, about 500 MHz, about 1 GHz, about 3 GHz,about 5 GHz, about 10 GHz, about 15 GHz, about 20 GHz, or about 25 GHzto about 30 GHz, about 35 GHz, about 40 (3 Hz, about 45 GHz, about 50GHz, about 100 GHz, about 200 GHz, about 300 GHz, or more. For example,the frequency can be from about 1 GHz to about 5 GHz, about 5 GHz toabout 10 GHz, about 10 GHz to about 20 GHz, about 20 GHz to about 50GHz, about 50 GHz to about 100 GHz, about 100 GHz to about 300 GHz, orabout 10 GHz to about 100 GHz. In another embodiment, the frequency canbe from about 5 GHz to about 15 GHz, about 15 GHz to about 25 GHz, about25 GHz to about 35 GHz, about 35 GHz to about 45 GHz, or about 20 GHz toabout 40 GHz. The frequency or frequency range can be selected to killor ablate at least a portion of the contaminants in the fluid 111.

The signal 136 can have a power ranging from a low of about 1 watt,about 2 watts, about 3 watts, about 4 watts, or about 5 watts to about7.5 watts, about 10 watts, about 25 watts, about 50 watts, about 100watts, about 250 watts, about 500 watts, or more. For example, the powercan be from about 1 watt to about 5 watts, about 5 watts to about 1.0watts, about 10 watts to about 15 watts, about 15 watts to about 30watts, about 30 watts to about 50 watts, about 1 watt to about 20 watts,about 1 watt to about 50 watts, or about 50 watt to about 500 watts.

The signal 136 can generate an exposure area 140, and at least a portionof the tubing 110 can be disposed within the exposure area 140. As shownin FIG. 1, the tubing 110 can be in a substantially linear orientationas it passes through the exposure area 140. As used herein, “exposurearea” refers to the area in which the tubing 110 and the fluid 111disposed therein are exposed to a power greater than about 1 watt. Theexposure area 140 can range from about 10 cm², about 50 cm², about 100cm², about 150 cm², or about 200 cm² to about 400 cm², about 600 cm²,about 800 cm², about 1,000 cm², about 2,000 cm², or more. For example,the exposure area 140 can be from about 10 cm² to about 50 cm², about 50cm² to about 100 cm², about 100 cm² to about 200 cm², about 200 cm² toabout 500 cm², about 500 cm² to about 1000 cm², or about 10 cm² to about500 cm².

A controller 150 can be coupled to the tubing 110, the pump 120, themicrowave energy radiation device 130, or any combination thereof. Thecontroller 150 can include software and/or firmware. The controller 150can be adapted to control one or more aspects of the system 100. Forexample, the controller 150 can control the pump 120, which can vary theflow rate of the fluid 111 through the tubing 110. The controller 150can also control the frequency and/or wavelength of the signal 136generated by the microwave energy radiation device 130 and/or the powerof the signal 136 generated by the microwave energy radiation device130. In at least one embodiment, the flow rate of the fluid 111 throughthe tubing 110 can be adjusted to a predetermined rate by the controller150, and the predetermined rate can be designed to kill at least aportion of any living contaminants in the fluid 111 by exposing thecontaminates to the microwave energy radiation signal 136 from themicrowave energy radiation device 130 for a predetermined amount oftime. The controller 150 can also tune the signal 136 to be a continuouswave or a time-varying wave.

A monitoring device 160 can be coupled to the tubing 110, the microwaveenergy radiation device 130, the controller 150, or combinationsthereof. The monitoring device 160 can be or include one or moresensors, alarms, combinations thereof, and the like. The monitoringdevice 160 can be adapted to measure or monitor the frequency of thesignal 136, the power of the signal 136 (e.g., output power and/orreflective power), the flow rate of the fluid 111 through the tubing110, the length of time that the fluid 111 (and the bacteria) is withinthe exposure area 140, the temperature of the fluid 111, the presence orabsence of contaminants (e.g., living microbes) in the fluid 111, andcombinations thereof. The monitoring device 160 can diagnose or identifyfaults or errors in the system 100 and communicate the faults or errorsto the controller 150.

FIG. 2 depicts another schematic view of the system 100 shown in FIG. 1with the tubing 110 in a different configuration, according to one ormore embodiments. As shown in FIG. 2, the tubing 110 can besubstantially “U” shaped within the exposure area 140. By including abend 112 (e.g., 180°) in the tubing 110, the length of the tubing 110 inthe exposure area 140 can be approximately doubled. As a result, thelength of time that the fluid 111 is disposed within the exposure area140, and the amount of fluid 111 disposed within the exposure area 140,is approximately doubled. As discussed in greater detail below, this canincrease the amount of bacteria that is killed or ablated within thefluid 111. As shown, the tubing 110 can form a loop so that the fluid111 can flow through the exposure area 140 two or more times.

FIG. 3 depicts another schematic view of the system 100 shown in FIG. 1with the tubing 110 in a different configuration, according to one ormore embodiments. As shown in FIG. 3, the tubing 110 can include aplurality of bends 112 such that the tubing 110 is in a substantiallysinusoidal or “zig-zag” orientation within the exposure area 140. Byincluding a plurality of bends 112 in the tubing 110, the length of thetubing 110 in the exposure area 140 can be increased even more than the“U” shaped embodiment shown in FIG. 2. The angle of the bends 112 or theradius of curvature of the bends 112 can be decreased to place adjacentlegs 114, 116 of the tubing 110 closer to one another. This can increasethe length of tubing 110 within the exposure area 140 even further. As aresult, the length of time that the fluid 111 is disposed within theexposure area 140, and the amount of fluid 111 disposed within theexposure area 140, can be increased, which in turn, increases the amountof bacteria that is killed or ablated.

Although shown in a linear configuration (FIG. 1), a “U” shapedconfiguration (FIG. 2), and a sinusoidal configuration (FIG. 3), it maybe appreciated that the tubing 110 can be in any shape or configuration.In at least one embodiment, the tubing 110 can be in a spiral, helical,or coiled configuration.

In operation, the pump 120 can cause the fluid 111 to flow through thetubing 110. As the fluid 111 flows through the portion of the tubing 110disposed within the exposure area 140, the signal 136 from the microwaveenergy radiation device 130 can kill or ablate at least a portion of thecontaminants in the fluid 111. The signal 136 can kill at least 50% ofthe contaminants, at least 60% of the contaminants, at least 70% of thecontaminants, at least 80% of the contaminants, at least 90% of thecontaminants, at least 95% of the contaminants, or at least 99% of thecontaminants.

While the signal 136 can kill the contaminants within the exposure area140, the signal 136 can also kill contaminants outside the exposure area140 as well. However, as may be appreciated, the amount or rate ofcontaminants that are killed outside the exposure area 140 can be lessthan the amount or rate of contaminants that are killed within theexposure area 140. In at least one embodiment, the amount or rate ofcontaminants that are killed outside the exposure area can be minimal.

The amount or rate of the contaminants killed by the signal 136 candepend, at least in part, upon the frequency of the signal 136, thepower of the signal 136, the flow rate of the fluid 111 through thetubing 110, the length of time that the fluid 111 (and the contaminants)are within the exposure area 140, the material of the tubing 110, thethickness of the tubing 110, the type of contaminants, and combinationsthereof.

The amount or rate of the contaminants killed by the signal 136 can beincreased by increasing the power of the signal 136. Similarly, theamount or rate of the contaminants killed by the signal 136 can beincreased by increasing the length of time that the fluid and thecontaminants are within the exposure area 140. The time can be increasedby reducing the flow rate of the fluid 111 through the tubing 110 and/orby varying the orientation of the tubing 110 (e.g., to a “U” shape orsinusoidal pattern) to increase the total length of the tubing 110within the exposure area 140. In at least one embodiment, the fluid 111can be stationary within the tubing 110.

The time that the fluid 111 circulates through the tubing 110 and/or theexposure area 140 can be from about 5 seconds, about 10 seconds, about15 seconds, about 20 seconds, about 30 seconds, about 45 seconds, orabout 1 minute to about 2 minutes, about 3 minutes, about 4 minutes,about 5 minutes, about 10 minutes, about 20 minutes, about 30 minutes,about 1 hour, or more. For example, the time can be from about 5 secondsto about 30 seconds, about 30 seconds to about 1 minute, about 1 minuteto about 2 minutes, about 2 minutes to about 5 minutes, about 5 minutesto about 10 minutes, about 10 minutes to about 30 minutes, or about 5seconds to about 5 minutes.

The exposure to the signal 136 can increase the temperature of the fluid111 (and the contaminants). The amount that the fluid 111 increases intemperature can depend, at least in part, on the power of the signal136, the frequency of the signal 136, the flow rate of the fluid 111through the tubing 110, the length of time that the fluid 111 (and thecontaminants) circulate through the tubing 110 and/or the exposure area140, the material of the tubing 110, the thickness of the tubing 110,and combinations thereof. For example, the temperature of the fluid 111can increase as the time that the fluid 111 are within the exposure areaincreases.

Prior to flowing through the exposure area 140 and being introduced tothe signal 136, the fluid 111 can have a temperature ranging from about0° C., about 5° C., about 10° C., about 15° C., or about 20° C. to about30° C., about 40° C., about 60° C., about 80° C., about 100 or more. Forexample, the temperature of the fluid 111 can be from about 0° C. toabout 10° C., about 10° C. to about 20° C., about 20° C. to about 30°C., about 30° C. to about 40° C., about 40° C. to about 60° C., about60° C. to about 80° C., about 80° C. to about 100° C., or about 0° C. toabout 50° C.

When the fluid 111 circulates through the tubing 110 and/or the exposurearea 140 for the duration above, the temperature of the fluid 111 canincrease by less than 0.1° C., less than 0.25° C., less than 0.5° C.,less than 0.75° C., less than 1° C., less than 1.25° C., less than 1.5°C., less than 1.75° C., less than 2° C., less than 2.5° C., less than 3°C., less than 4° C., less than 5° C., less than 7.5° C., or less than10° C. As may be appreciated, the longer that the fluid ill is exposedto the signal 136, the greater the temperature increase of the fluid111, and vice versa.

The microwave energy radiation signal 136 kills the living contaminantsvia absorbed heat through mechanisms comparable to other biologicalprocesses induced by heat, such as denaturation of enzymes, proteins,nucleic acids, or other vital components. By using relatively highfrequencies, the fluid 111 is not significantly heated. As such, thistype of decontamination of the fluid 111 can be referred to as“non-thermal” in the sense that the fluid 111 itself is not beingsignificantly heated to kill the living contaminants. Rather, themicrowave energy radiation signal 136 kills the living contaminantsdirectly. As a result, no additional chemical additives are required tokill the living contaminants. This method of killing the livingcontaminants can be used in combination with other known decontaminatingtechnologies such as the use of ultraviolet energy or filters to trapliving contaminants.

FIG. 4 depicts a schematic view of an illustrative system 400 fordecontaminating a filter 450, according to one or more embodiments. Thefilter 450 can be used to remove contaminants or particulates from afluid (e.g., water). This filter 450 can include a series of smallopenings for the circulating fluid to pass through, and some of thecontaminants can be captured by the filter 450 and not pass through theopenings.

As the filter 450 removes contaminants and/or particulates from thefluid, the contaminants and/or particulates can become entrained withinthe filter 450. The contaminants can be the same as those discussedabove. In at least one embodiment, the contaminants can form a biofilmon the filter 450. The biofilm can be a collection of bacteria withinthe circulating fluid that adheres to the surface of the filter 450 andcreates a film of living bacteria and/or organisms. This biofilm can bemore difficult to kill than the bacteria alone.

To remove the contaminants and/or biofilm from the filter 450, thefilter 450 can be placed in the exposure area 140 in front of themicrowave energy radiation device 130. The distance between the surface132 of the microwave energy radiation device 130 and the filter 450 canbe the same as the distance 134 described above (e.g., about 0.5 cm toabout 20 cm). The (stationary) filter 450 can be exposed to the signal136 from the microwave energy radiation device 130, which can kill orablate the contaminants and/or biofilm on the filter 450.

FIG. 5 depicts a schematic view of an illustrative circuit 500 forproviding a signal to the microwave energy radiation device 130,according to one or more embodiments. The circuit 500 can include asignal source 510, an attenuator 520, a preamplifier 530, an amplifier540, and the microwave energy radiation device 130. The signal source510 provides a low power, selectable frequency signal to the amplifier540, which boosts the signal. The resultant signal is a single frequencyof microwave energy with a relatively high output power (e.g., 1 watt to50 watts).

The attenuator 520 can be coupled to the signal source 510 and adaptedto receive a signal therefrom. The attenuator 520 can reduce the powerof the signal while keeping the signal's waveform substantially intact.The attenuator 520 can facilitate impedance matching between the signalsource 510 and the load (i.e., the microwave energy radiation device130).

The preamplifier 530 can be coupled to the attenuator 520 and adapted toreceive the signal therefrom. The preamplifier 530 prepares the signalfor amplification by the amplifier 540. The preamplifier 530 boosts thepower of the signal without significantly degrading the signal-to-noiseratio. The preamplifier 530 can provide a voltage gain but nosignificant current gain.

The amplifier 540 can be coupled to the preamplifier 530 and adapted toreceive the signal therefrom. The amplifier 540 increases the voltageand power of the signal. The microwave energy radiation device 130 canbe coupled to the amplifier 540 and adapted to receive the signaltherefrom. The microwave energy radiation device 130 converts the powerof the signal into electromagnetic radio waves. The radio waves form theexposure area 140.

Examples

To provide a better understanding of the foregoing discussion, thefollowing non-limiting examples are provided.

Table 1 below shows the percentage of bacteria killed when a single dropof water was exposed to a signal 136 having a power of 9 watts and afrequency of 29.7 GHz. The microwave energy radiation device 130 had asurface area of 2.4 cm². The bacteria in the water was BurkholderiaCepacia.

TABLE 1 Percentage of Exposure Trial Bacteria Killed Time 1 68 15seconds 2 90.5 15 seconds 3 97 30 seconds 4 99.4 45 seconds 5 99.8 60seconds 6 99.9 60 seconds 7 99.9 60 seconds 8 100 60 seconds 9 100 60seconds 10 99.9 60 seconds 11 100 60 seconds

Table 2 below shows the percentage of bacteria killed when stationarywater in the tubing 110 was exposed to a signal 136 having a power of 9watts and a frequency of 29.7 GHz. The microwave energy radiation device130 had a surface area of 2.4 cm². The duration was 1 minute.

TABLE 2 Percentage of Type of Trial Bacteria Killed Bacteria 1 90Staphylococcus Epidermidis 2 100 Staphylococcus Epidermidis 3 77Burkholderia Cepacia 4 82 Burkholderia Cepacia 5 90 Burkholderia Cepacia6 99 Burkholderia Cepacia 7 96 Burkholderia Cepacia

Table 3 below shows the percentage of bacteria killed when water flowedthrough the tubing 110 and the exposure area 140 (in a loop, as shown inFIG. 2). The water was exposed to a signal 136 having a power of 4 wattsand a frequency of 29.7 GHz. The microwave energy radiation device 130had a surface area of 2.4 cm³. The bacteria in the water wasBurkholderia Cepacia. The exposure time refers to the time that aparticular volume of the fluid (e.g., a droplet) is within the exposurearea 140.

TABLE 3 Percentage of Exposure Trial Bacteria Killed Time 1 52 11seconds 2 83 11 seconds 3 67 11 seconds 4 68 11 seconds 5 87 11 seconds6 49 11 seconds 7 97 22 seconds 8 97 22 seconds 9 94 22 seconds

Table 4 below shows the temperature increase of the water when the waterflowed through the tubing 110 and the exposure area 140 (in a loop, asshown in FIG. 2) at a rate of about 0.5 cm³/s. The water was exposed toa signal 136 having a power of 5 watts and a frequency of 29.7 GHz. Themicrowave energy radiation device 130 had a surface area of 2.4 cm². Theexposure time refers to the time that a particular volume of the fluid(e.g., a droplet) is within the exposure area 140.

TABLE 4 Temperature Exposure Trial Increase Time 1 0.55° C. (1° F.)  7.5seconds  2 0.55° C. (1° F.) 540 seconds

Certain embodiments and features have been described using a set ofnumerical upper limits and a set of numerical lower limits. It should beappreciated that ranges including the combination of any two values,e.g., the combination of any lower value with any upper value, thecombination of any two lower values, and/or the combination of any twoupper values are contemplated unless otherwise indicated. Certain lowerlimits, upper limits and ranges appear in one or more claims below. Allnumerical values are “about” or “approximately” the indicated value, andtake into account experimental error and variations that would beexpected by a person having ordinary skill in the art.

Various terms have been defined above. To the extent a term used in aclaim is not defined above, it should be given the broadest definitionpersons in the pertinent art have given that term as reflected in atleast one printed publication or issued patent. Furthermore, allpatents, test procedures, and other documents cited in this applicationare fully incorporated by reference to the extent such disclosure is notinconsistent with this application and for all jurisdictions in whichsuch incorporation is permitted.

Although only a few exemplary embodiments have been described in detailabove, those skilled in the art will readily appreciate that manymodifications are possible in the exemplary embodiments withoutmaterially departing from the novel teachings and advantages of thisinvention. Accordingly, all such modifications are intended to beincluded within the scope of this invention as defined in the followingclaims. In the claims, means-plus-function and step-plus-functionclauses are intended to cover the structures or acts described herein asperforming the recited function and not only structural equivalents, butalso equivalent structures. Thus, although a nail and a screw may not bestructural equivalents in that a nail employs a cylindrical surface tosecure parts together, whereas a screw employs a helical surface, in theenvironment of fastening parts, a nail and a screw may be equivalentstructures.

What is claimed is:
 1. A system for decontaminating water, comprising: atubing having water disposed therein, wherein the tubing is made ofpolypropylene, polyethylene, polyurethane, neoprene, or any combinationthereof and wherein the water includes one or more contaminants selectedfrom the group consisting of bacteria, fungi, parasites, viruses, andcombinations thereof; a pump coupled to the tubing and adapted to causethe water to flow within the tubing at a rate from about 0.1 cm³/s toabout 20 cm³/s; and a microwave energy radiation device positionedproximate the tubing, wherein the microwave energy radiation device isadapted to generate a signal having a frequency from about 20 GHz toabout 100 GHz wherein the microwave energy radiation device is comprisedof a signal-emitting surface, wherein the signal-emitting surface has afirst area from about 0.5 cm² to about 10 cm², wherein a temperature ofthe water prior to being exposed to the signal is from about 0° C. toabout 30° C., and wherein the signal is adapted to kill at least 90% ofthe contaminants disposed within the water while increasing thetemperature of the water by less than about 10° C.
 2. The system ofclaim 1, wherein the signal is adapted to kill at least 90% of thecontaminants disposed within the water while increasing the temperatureof the water by less than about 2° C.
 3. The system of claim 2, whereinthe tubing is comprised of a predetermined portion and the microwaveenergy radiation device is further comprised of a means for exposing thesignal to the predetermined portion of the tubing for about 5 seconds toabout 5 minutes.
 4. The system of claim 1, wherein the tubing iscomprised of an axial bore having an inner diameter from about 1 mm to100 mm.
 5. The system of claim 1, wherein the tubing is comprised of anaxial bore having an inner diameter from about 1 mm to 50 mm.
 6. Thesystem of claim 1, wherein in the tubing has a wall thickness from about0.1 min to about 5 mm.
 7. The system of claim 1, wherein the signal iscomprised of a time varying waveform.
 8. The system of claim 1, whereinthe signal is comprised of a continuous waveform.
 9. The system of claim3, wherein the tubing is in a linear configuration, a U-shaped,configuration, a spiral configuration, a helical configuration, a coiledconfiguration, or any combination thereof.
 10. The system of claim 3,wherein the predetermined portion of the tubing is comprised of a secondarea from about 10 cm² to about 2000 cm², wherein the signal is adaptedto generate an exposure area, and wherein the second area is disposedwithin the exposure area.
 11. The system of claim 3, wherein thepredetermined portion of the tubing is comprised of a second area fromabout 10 cm² to about 200 cm², wherein the signal is adapted to generatean exposure area, and wherein the second area is disposed within theexposure area.
 12. A system for decontaminating, water comprising: atubing having water disposed therein, wherein the tubing is made ofpolypropylene, polyethylene, polyurethane, neoprene, or any combinationthereof, wherein the water includes one or more contaminants selectedfrom the group consisting of: bacteria, fungi, parasites, viruses, andcombinations thereof, wherein the tubing is comprised of a predeterminedportion, and wherein the tubing is in a linear configuration, a U-shapedconfiguration, a spiral configuration, a helical configuration, a coiledconfiguration, or any combination thereof; a pump coupled to the tubingand adapted to cause the water to flow within the tubing at a rate fromabout 0.1 cm³/s to about 20 cm³/s; and a microwave energy radiationdevice positioned proximate the tubing, wherein the microwave energyradiation device is adapted to generate a signal having a frequency fromabout 20 GHz to about 100 GHz, wherein the microwave energy radiationdevice is comprised of a signal-emitting surface and a means forexposing the signal to the predetermined portion of the tubing for about5 seconds to about 5 minutes, wherein the signal-emitting surface has afirst area from about 0.5 cm² to about 100 cm², wherein a temperature ofthe water prior to being exposed to the signal is from about 0° C. toabout 30° C., and wherein the signal is adapted to kill at least 90% ofthe contaminants disposed within the water while increasing thetemperature of the water by less than about 2° C.